Material Selection for Direct Posterior Restoratives (Summary/Outline)
Dominique Gnatowski
(source listed in final paper log under same title)
Abstract
• type of material selected for posterior restoration (filling of molars) depends on patient/individual situation – new technological advances have been made
o types of fillings – amalgam (alloy of silver and mercury) or resin (many different varieties of polymers that vary in chemical composition)
o amalgam – used for long time; successful; however not esthetically pleasing, which has become a high demand
o esthetic restorations – glass ionomers, compomers, composite resin (all types of resins that just vary in chemical composition)
o desirable attributes in material - fluoride release (fluoride – strengthens tooth); wear resistance; low polymerization shrinkage (sometimes after filling is completed, the material shrinks allowing bacteria to enter the cavity again); low polymerization stress (the more a material is resistant to stress, the less likely polymerization shrinkage will occur
Introduction
• material selection for posterior teeth restoration depends on: patient’s age, caries (cavity) risk, esthetic requirements, how well the tooth can be isolated, and functional demands of the restoration – each material has certain pros and cons in their usage
o compomers, glass ionomers, composite resins – pros: bond to tooth structure chemically; may reinforce tooth; long-lasting; non-invasive procedure; esthetic; good thermal insulators; have fluoride release – cons: clinical limitations (requires more attention to detail during adhesive placement; longer time and more difficult procedure in comparison to an amalgam filling); postoperatively – polymerization shrinkage possible as a result of difficult procedure where there can be poor adhesive placement, all of which lead to possible leakages at the tooth surface and tooth sensitivity
Posterior Amalgam Restorations
• history of clinical success
o good moisture tolerance since it does not bond to tooth structure chemically – not necessary to keep the tooth isolated and in dry conditions like in resin restorations
o wear resistance – metal alloy – malleable so easily formed into shape of tooth but also strong and durable
o limitations: galvanism (battery effect occurs because of amalgams composition of two metals, usually silver and mercury, in a liquid medium, saliva – produces electric current which leads to break down of amalgam and corrosion) high thermal conductivity, poor esthetics
• in resin fillings – bonding material must be applied before the resin in order to form a chemical bond between the tooth surface and the resin
o amalgam does not require a bonding material, but one has been developed called the bonded amalgam technique using adhesives (most successful called “4-META-based Amalgambond Plus (Parkell)”
o a bonding agent bonds to dentin (second layer of the tooth from outside in; after the enamel which forms the crown visible on the outside) with a hybrid layer
o bonding resin to amalgam attachment is still mostly mechanical, not chemical
o amalgam use criticized especially in children and decreased in popularity because it contains mercury – however, after many studies and tests, there have been no significant signs of mercury having a negative affect on health
Fluoride-releasing Materials
• types:
o glass ionomers – useful as liner/base so for deep cavities
o high-viscosity glass ionomers
o resin-modified glass ionomers -> nanofillers added – reduce particle size – smoother, more esthetic appearance
o compomers – blends of resin composite and glass ionomer
o fluoride releasing composites
Composite Resin
• pro: improved wear resistance – gaining popularity in usage for posterior restorations as opposed to solely bicuspids (premolars)
• con: composite resin shrinkage during polymerization – causes eventual breakdown and thermal sensitivity
o visible light cured composite is placed in prepared cavity and light cured in 2mm incredments– photoinitiators in the resin (camphoroquinone, usually in the presence of an amine accelerator/catalyst) are activated (more chemistry detail to analyze here)
• soft-curing lights – decrease polymerization stress – unproven results
• composite resins but with a lower viscosity because of lower filler load which allows them to better adhere to the cavity surface – may reduce polymerization stress (no clear consensus based on numerous studies has been reached)
o con: lower filler load may reduce wear resistance - however percentage of filler may be chosen relative to type of tooth in concern
• even though they have higher polymerization shrinkage than composite resins – flowables are more elastic
•
• Composite Resin Shrinkage and Stress
• in composite resins, polymerization shrinkage 3.7%-0.9%
o new resin monomers developed to reduce polymerization shrinkage stress
• C-factor (shape of preparation) – ratio of bonded surfaces to unbounded surface in final restoration – more stress at the margins (cavities located on frontal teeth or near gums) – no ideal solutions
Low stress Composite
• Stress Decreasing Resin (SDR) Technology – reduces internal stress from polymerization shrinkage – instead of 2mm increments of polymerization it uses 4mm increments
• SDR highly translucent – high light transmission allows for bulk polymerization
o Used as a base or filler up until enamel layer of tooth - cannot be used on the surface of the tooth because of its low wear resistance (high shrinkage) – highly filled material should be placed on top surface
Case study
• Procedure with photographs of a restoration using SDR technology
Summary
• Each material has pros and cons to its usage - should be personalized to each clinical situation and needs of the patient; there have been many new developments in esthetic composite resins that cause low polymerization shrinkage and low stress, allowing for even more options and therefore accuracy in restorations
I plan to write my final research paper about the chemistry behind selecting certain types of materials for tooth restoration or fillings with a larger focus on posterior restoratives.
Material Selection for Direct Posterior Restoratives (Summary/Outline)
Dominique Gnatowski
(source listed in final paper log under same title)
Abstract
• type of material selected for posterior restoration (filling of molars) depends on patient/individual situation – new technological advances have been made
o types of fillings – amalgam (alloy of silver and mercury) or resin (many different varieties of polymers that vary in chemical composition)
o amalgam – used for long time; successful; however not esthetically pleasing, which has become a high demand
o esthetic restorations – glass ionomers, compomers, composite resin (all types of resins that just vary in chemical composition)
o desirable attributes in material - fluoride release (fluoride – strengthens tooth); wear resistance; low polymerization shrinkage (sometimes after filling is completed, the material shrinks allowing bacteria to enter the cavity again); low polymerization stress (the more a material is resistant to stress, the less likely polymerization shrinkage will occur
Introduction
• material selection for posterior teeth restoration depends on: patient’s age, caries (cavity) risk, esthetic requirements, how well the tooth can be isolated, and functional demands of the restoration – each material has certain pros and cons in their usage
o compomers, glass ionomers, composite resins – pros: bond to tooth structure chemically; may reinforce tooth; long-lasting; non-invasive procedure; esthetic; good thermal insulators; have fluoride release – cons: clinical limitations (requires more attention to detail during adhesive placement; longer time and more difficult procedure in comparison to an amalgam filling); postoperatively – polymerization shrinkage possible as a result of difficult procedure where there can be poor adhesive placement, all of which lead to possible leakages at the tooth surface and tooth sensitivity
Posterior Amalgam Restorations
• history of clinical success
o good moisture tolerance since it does not bond to tooth structure chemically – not necessary to keep the tooth isolated and in dry conditions like in resin restorations
o wear resistance – metal alloy – malleable so easily formed into shape of tooth but also strong and durable
o limitations: galvanism (battery effect occurs because of amalgams composition of two metals, usually silver and mercury, in a liquid medium, saliva – produces electric current which leads to break down of amalgam and corrosion) high thermal conductivity, poor esthetics
• in resin fillings – bonding material must be applied before the resin in order to form a chemical bond between the tooth surface and the resin
o amalgam does not require a bonding material, but one has been developed called the bonded amalgam technique using adhesives (most successful called “4-META-based Amalgambond Plus (Parkell)”
o a bonding agent bonds to dentin (second layer of the tooth from outside in; after the enamel which forms the crown visible on the outside) with a hybrid layer
o bonding resin to amalgam attachment is still mostly mechanical, not chemical
o amalgam use criticized especially in children and decreased in popularity because it contains mercury – however, after many studies and tests, there have been no significant signs of mercury having a negative affect on health
Fluoride-releasing Materials
• types:
o glass ionomers – useful as liner/base so for deep cavities
o high-viscosity glass ionomers
o resin-modified glass ionomers -> nanofillers added – reduce particle size – smoother, more esthetic appearance
o compomers – blends of resin composite and glass ionomer
o fluoride releasing composites
Composite Resin
• pro: improved wear resistance – gaining popularity in usage for posterior restorations as opposed to solely bicuspids (premolars)
• con: composite resin shrinkage during polymerization – causes eventual breakdown and thermal sensitivity
o visible light cured composite is placed in prepared cavity and light cured in 2mm incredments– photoinitiators in the resin (camphoroquinone, usually in the presence of an amine accelerator/catalyst) are activated (more chemistry detail to analyze here)
• soft-curing lights – decrease polymerization stress – unproven results
• composite resins but with a lower viscosity because of lower filler load which allows them to better adhere to the cavity surface – may reduce polymerization stress (no clear consensus based on numerous studies has been reached)
o con: lower filler load may reduce wear resistance - however percentage of filler may be chosen relative to type of tooth in concern
• even though they have higher polymerization shrinkage than composite resins – flowables are more elastic
•
• Composite Resin Shrinkage and Stress
• in composite resins, polymerization shrinkage 3.7%-0.9%
o new resin monomers developed to reduce polymerization shrinkage stress
• C-factor (shape of preparation) – ratio of bonded surfaces to unbounded surface in final restoration – more stress at the margins (cavities located on frontal teeth or near gums) – no ideal solutions
Low stress Composite
• Stress Decreasing Resin (SDR) Technology – reduces internal stress from polymerization shrinkage – instead of 2mm increments of polymerization it uses 4mm increments
• SDR highly translucent – high light transmission allows for bulk polymerization
o Used as a base or filler up until enamel layer of tooth - cannot be used on the surface of the tooth because of its low wear resistance (high shrinkage) – highly filled material should be placed on top surface
Case study
• Procedure with photographs of a restoration using SDR technology
Summary
• Each material has pros and cons to its usage - should be personalized to each clinical situation and needs of the patient; there have been many new developments in esthetic composite resins that cause low polymerization shrinkage and low stress, allowing for even more options and therefore accuracy in restorations
I plan to write my final research paper about the chemistry behind selecting certain types of materials for tooth restoration or fillings with a larger focus on posterior restoratives.